Surveillance Publishing

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Author : Jeff Pooley

This essay develops the idea of surveillance publishing, with special attention to the example of Elsevier. A scholarly publisher can be defined as a surveillance publisher if it derives a substantial proportion of its revenue from prediction products, fueled by data extracted from researcher behavior.

The essay begins by tracing the Google search engine’s roots in bibliometrics, alongside a history of the citation analysis company that became, in 2016, Clarivate. The essay develops the idea of surveillance publishing by engaging with the work of Shoshana Zuboff, Jathan Sadowski, Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, and Aziz Huq.

The recent history of Elsevier is traced to describe the company’s research-lifecycle data-harvesting strategy, with the aim to develop and sell prediction products to unviersity and other customers.

The essay concludes by considering some of the potential costs of surveillance publishing, as other big commercial publishers increasingly enter the predictive-analytics business. It is likely, I argue, that windfall subscription-and-APC profits in Elsevier’s “legacy” publishing business have financed its decade-long acquisition binge in analytics.

The products’ purpose, moreover, is to streamline the top-down assessment and evaluation practices that have taken hold in recent decades. A final concern is that scholars will internalize an analytics mindset, one already encouraged by citation counts and impact factors.

URL : Surveillance Publishing

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3998/jep.1874

Ask the Editors: Assessing the Publishing Needs of Faculty Editors

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Authors : Matthew E. Hunter, Liz Dunne, Camille Thomas, Laura Miller, Devin Soper

Introduction

This article reports results from a survey of faculty members with editorial responsibilities. The survey explored what publishing services and platform functionalities respondents found most valuable in their work as editors, how satisfied they were with the services provided by commercial publishers, and to what extent they were aware of alternative publishing practices.

Method

The authors used data collected from a survey instrument that was distributed to a sample (n = 515) of faculty members with editorial responsibilities at their institution.

Results

Collected data suggest that faculty editors value specific publishing services (e.g., coordination of peer review and copyediting) and platform functionality (e.g., submission and peer-review management) more than others, recognize several challenges facing academic publishing in their disciplines (including the transition to open access publishing models), and are mostly aware of common forms of open access research dissemination such as open access journals and institutional repositories.

Discussion

The survey results may be helpful to library publishers in making decisions about what publishing services and platform functionalities to prioritize in the development of their publishing programs. In addition to utilizing the survey data to assess the needs of editors, the authors also identified a number of expanded uses of the survey related to marketing and outreach.

Conclusion

Insofar as faculty editors are key stakeholders that library publishers seek to build partnerships with, it is important to understand their needs and preferences as editors. This article provides some insight into these questions that may prove helpful to library publishers.

URL : Ask the Editors: Assessing the Publishing Needs of Faculty Editors

DOI : https://doi.org/10.31274/jlsc.12912

L’écriture inclusive et ses usages dans les revues de sciences humaines et sociales

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Auteur.e.s/Authors : Marie Loison–Leruste, Olivia Samuel, François Théron

Le langage inclusif est depuis quelques années en débat dans l’espace public. L’écriture scientifique n’échappe pas aux questions soulevées par ces nouvelles formes d’écriture qui s’inscrivent dans un mouvement de visibilisation des femmes, de remise en question du masculin « neutre » et de lutte contre le sexisme et les inégalités de genre.

L’article présente les résultats d’une enquête exploratoire auprès de revues de SHS, dont l’objectif est de rendre compte des usages actuels de l’écriture inclusive dans ces revues.

L’enquête indique que l’écriture inclusive (EI) est d’un usage largement accepté sur le principe par les revues étudiées, mais celles-ci communiquent peu sur leurs règles éditoriales en matière d’EI et publient des textes utilisant des formes variables et non stabilisées de cette nouvelle forme d’écriture.

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03542374/

Les podcasts de sciences en SHS et STS. Formes expressives, objectifs et acteurs

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Auteure/Author : Clara Perissat

Ce mémoire traite des podcasts comme un genre à part entière. En effet, le podcast est un média en vogue ces dernières années. L’accessibilité des nouvelles technologies et des plateformes de diffusion ainsi que la forme intimiste du podcast font que de plus en plus de monde, professionnels ou non, s’approprie ce nouvel outil. Il est ainsi possible de trouver des podcasts sur des sujets très divers allant de la science à la politique en passant par l’érotisme ou le militantisme.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse aux podcasts de vulgarisation scientifique en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) et en sciences et technologie santé (STS). L’intérêt a été porté sur les différences existantes entre les podcasts de SHS et les podcasts de STS à travers la problématique suivante : Les podcasts de sciences en SHS et STS ont-ils les mêmes formes expressives, les mêmes objectifs et les mêmes acteurs ?

Le développement de ce mémoire, s’est basé sur un corpus de huit podcasts, quatre podcasts de vulgarisation en Histoire et quatre podcasts de vulgarisation en santé. De nombreux podcasts étrangers traitent d’une discipline des STS alors qu’en France les podcasts ne sont pas spécialisés, un véritable manque de podcasts de STS français spécialisés dans une discipline a ainsi été observé.

Au contraire, les podcasts d’histoire sont très nombreux et révèlent l’engouement de cette discipline pour les français. Cela amené l’étude à s’intéresser à des podcasts de santé traitant parfois de sujets peu scientifiques comme le développement personnel. La question des créateurs et de la légitimité sont ainsi évoquées dans cette étude.

L’analyse des deux types de podcasts de science révèle qu’ils ont un enjeu similaire de prime abord : vulgariser leur discipline et diffuser des connaissances de manière informelle. En revanche, leur deuxième enjeu diffère. Les créateurs de podcasts d’histoire ont tendance a vouloir montrer la recherche en train de se faire, les nouvelles réflexions des chercheurs et de mettre ces derniers en valeur.

Les créateurs de podcasts de santé ont, quant à eux, tendance à vouloir faire agir leurs auditeurs grâce à des podcasts de conseils. La deuxième partie de l’analyse portent sur les méthodes différentes pour diffuser des connaissances. Les podcasts d’histoire se servent d’avantage des codes du roman pour transmettre du savoir.

Le récit, l’emploi d’un personnage principal, d’un narrateur, ou d’atmosphères travaillées servent à donner à l’auditeur l’impression qu’une histoire lui est racontée. De plus les outils de vulgarisation sont le plus souvent implicites, ce qui permet une diffusion non formelle des connaissances.

Au contraire, les podcasts de santé s’appuient sur de nombreux outils de vulgarisation explicites comme les synthèses, définitions, résumés et références scientifiques. Ils ne suivent pas les codes du roman et ont tendance à utiliser une écriture assez scolaire.

URL : https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-03472403

Social justice driving open access publishing: an African perspective

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Authors : Reggie Raju, Auliya Badrudeen

The OA movement is generally considered to have been founded for the truly philanthropic purpose of promoting equity and inclusivity in access to scholarship. For Africans, this meant the opening of the research ecosystem to marginalized research communities who could then freely make use of shared research to aid in the socio-economic development and emancipation of the continent.

However, this philanthropic purpose has been deviated from, leading instead to the disenfranchisement of the African research community. Through systemic inequalities embedded in the scholarly ecosystem, the publishing landscape has been northernised, with research from the global north sitting at the very top of the knowledge hierarchy to the exclusion of Africa and other parts of the global south.

For this reason, progressive open access practices and policies need to be adopted, with an emphasis on social justice as an impetus, to enhance the sharing and recognition of African scholarship, while also bridging the ‘research-exchange’ divide that exists between the global south and north.

Furthermore, advocates of open access must collaborate to create equal opportunities for African voices to participate in the scholarly landscape through the creation and dissemination of global south research. Thusly, the continental platform was developed by the University of Cape Town.

This platform was developed around the concept of a tenant model to act as a contributor to social justice-driven open access advocacy, and as a disruptor of the unjust knowledge hierarchies that exist.

URL : Social justice driving open access publishing: an African perspective

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3998/jep.1910

Caching and Reproducibility: Making Data Science Experiments Faster and FAIRer

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Authors : Moritz Schubotz, Ankit Satpute, André Greiner-Petter, Akiko Aizawa, Bela Gipp

Small to medium-scale data science experiments often rely on research software developed ad-hoc by individual scientists or small teams. Often there is no time to make the research software fast, reusable, and open access.

The consequence is twofold. First, subsequent researchers must spend significant work hours building upon the proposed hypotheses or experimental framework. In the worst case, others cannot reproduce the experiment and reuse the findings for subsequent research. Second, suppose the ad-hoc research software fails during often long-running computational expensive experiments.

In that case, the overall effort to iteratively improve the software and rerun the experiments creates significant time pressure on the researchers. We suggest making caching an integral part of the research software development process, even before the first line of code is written.

This article outlines caching recommendations for developing research software in data science projects. Our recommendations provide a perspective to circumvent common problems such as propriety dependence, speed, etc. At the same time, caching contributes to the reproducibility of experiments in the open science workflow.

Concerning the four guiding principles, i.e., Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability (FAIR), we foresee that including the proposed recommendation in a research software development will make the data related to that software FAIRer for both machines and humans.

We exhibit the usefulness of some of the proposed recommendations on our recently completed research software project in mathematical information retrieval.

URL : Caching and Reproducibility: Making Data Science Experiments Faster and FAIRer

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2022.861944

Academic vs. biological age in research on academic careers: a large-scale study with implications for scientifically developing systems

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Authors : Marek Kwiek, Wojciech Roszka

Biological age is an important sociodemographic factor in studies on academic careers (research productivity, scholarly impact, and collaboration patterns). It is assumed that the academic age, or the time elapsed from the first publication, is a good proxy for biological age.

In this study, we analyze the limitations of the proxy in academic career studies, using as an example the entire population of Polish academic scientists and scholars visible in the last decade in global science and holding at least a PhD (N = 20,569). The proxy works well for science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) disciplines; however, for non-STEMM disciplines (particularly for humanities and social sciences), it has a dramatically worse performance.

This negative conclusion is particularly important for systems that have only recently visible in global academic journals. The micro-level data suggest a delayed participation of social scientists and humanists in global science networks, with practical implications for predicting biological age from academic age.

We calculate correlation coefficients, present contingency analysis of academic career stages with academic positions and age groups, and create a linear multivariate regression model.

Our research suggests that in scientifically developing countries, academic age as a proxy for biological age should be used more cautiously than in advanced countries: ideally, it should be used only for STEMM disciplines.

URL : Academic vs. biological age in research on academic careers: a large-scale study with implications for scientifically developing systems

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04363-0