FR

Open data et smart cities : quels chantiers pour les SIC?

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Auteurs/Authors : Valentyna Dymytrova, Valérie Larroche, Françoise Paquienséguy, Marie-France Peyrelong

L’article rend compte des questionnements et analyses info-communicationnels en cours dans le cadre d’une ANR OpenSensingCity, regroupant outre les chercheurs en sciences de l’information et de la communication (équipe ELICO), des chercheurs en informatique (Armines de l’Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne) et des entreprises (Antidot et Hikob).

Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux stratégies des acteurs constituant l’écosystème de l’Open data en lien avec les smart cities. Dans cet écosystème, l’attention se porte plus spécifiquement sur deux types d’acteurs : les collectivités territoriales et les réutilisateurs professionnels.

Les portails de l’Open data des collectivités territoriales sont étudiés par une approche sémio-pragmatique permettant d’analyser les stratégies éditoriales et la place de la Métropole dans l’écosystème.

Quant aux réutilisateurs, leurs usages et les pratiques professionnels sont saisis à travers les entretiens semi-discursifs. Enfin, ces deux thématiques de smart cities et de l’Open data nous amènent à reconsidérer la question des communs.

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01543355

FR

De la bibliothèque à l’Internet : la matrice réticulaire

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Auteur/Author : Louise Merzeau

Par l’ordonnancement méthodique des livres, la bibliothèque institue la confrontation des raisons qui pourra guider le conseil de lecture, lui-même modèle et condition du conseil au prince ou au peuple souverain.

Dans cette perspective, l’entrée des dispositifs sociotechniques dans l’ère numérique doit être interrogée dans les mêmes termes : quel type de pluralité, de liberté et de discernement autorise-t-elle ? Quelle structure d’autorité organise-telle ?

En un mot, quelle sorte de matrice l’environnement numérique installe-t-il dans l’espace du savoir et de la cité ? Pour répondre, sans doute faut-il d’abord renoncer à penser l’Internet à partir de ce modèle de la bibliothèque.

Pour la très grande majorité des utilisateurs, Internet est en effet tout autre chose qu’une bibliothèque : c’est un milieu de vie plus qu’un support et c’est cette dimension « écologique » qu’il convient aujourd’hui de penser.

Dans ce nouvel écosystème, les individus exercent toutes sortes d’activités très éloignées de l’acte de lecture institué par la bibliothèque, mais ce qui en fait la caractéristique, c’est qu’elles sont toujours en même temps des activités informationnelles.

Ces pratiques informationnelles obéissent à de nouvelles règles, où la médiation identitaire réorganise tous les contenus autour de la personne, elle-même redéfinie comme grappe de données connectées.

Au conseil, tend ainsi à se substituer le principe de la recommandation, qui dépend avant tout d’une économie de l’attention. Ce régime ne suspend pas le principe d’autorité, mais il en modifie profondément l’architecture, les industries de la recommandation dissimulant la complexité croissante de ces procédures derrière une phraséologie de la fluidité, de la transparence et de l’immédiateté.

Il revient alors aux bibliothèques, non de faire entrer de force l’Internet dans leur propre modèle, mais de développer des politiques de médiation, de métadocumentation et d’éditorialisation pour produire une intelligibilité du réseau qui aiderait les citoyens numériques à produire collectivement du conseil.

URL : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01546684

EN

Measurement of Open Access as an Infrastructural Challenge

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Author : Pekka Olsbo

Finland has set numeric goals for the development of open access. However, at the moment, no system is available by which this development could be monitored. Poor quality in the metadata records in universities’ research information databases prevents metadata-based analysis of open access publishing progress.

This paper shows how the quality problems of Finnish publication data can be resolved through centralizing the services and processes of metadata creation and by improving the interoperability of systems involved in the processes.

As a result, this study describes an environment where reliable measurement of open access is possible and presents suggested actions for improving the Finnish publication data collection.

URL : Measurement of Open Access as an Infrastructural Challenge

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-769-6-217

EN

Maintaining collections with a flat budget

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Authors : Sara E Morris, Lea Currie

This paper focuses on the various processes, methods and tough decisions made by the University of Kansas Libraries to provide library materials while maintaining a flat collections budget for over eight years.

During this period, those responsible for the Libraries’ collections have implemented quick stop- gap measures, picked all the ‘low-hanging fruit’, and eventually canceled a large journal package. This case study will help other librarians facing the reality of maintaining collections at a time when budgets, changing formats and publication practices are all obstacles to providing patrons with what they need.

URL : Maintaining collections with a flat budget

DOI : http://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.334

EN

Brexit – and its potential impact for open access in the UK

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Author : Paul Ayris

This article looks at the possible implications of Brexit for approaches to open access (OA) in the UK. It begins by sketching current issues in Brexit debates at the end of 2016 as the context into which discussions about open access are then placed.

Issues in four thematic areas are analysed: OA policies and mandates, EU copyright reform, new OA publishing models and open science. The level of dependence in the UK on European developments is assessed in each case and its contribution to Brexit issues identified.

The paper concludes that Brexit presents not only challenges, but also opportunities which the UK could seize. In open access, the UK is already playing a leadership role. In areas of open science, particularly in relation to the European Open Science Cloud, it is the European Commission which is asserting leadership. The UK needs to consolidate its current activity and ensure that, whatever the nature of Brexit arrangements, its freedom does not lead to isolation.

URL : Brexit – and its potential impact for open access in the UK

DOI : http://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.336

EN

Towards open science in Argentina: From experiences to public policies

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Authors : Valeria Arza, Mariano Fressoli, Sol Sebastian

The emergence and wide diffusion of information and communication technologies created ever increasing opportunities for sharing and collaboration, which shortened geographic, disciplinary and expertise distances.

There exist various technologies, tools and infrastructure that facilitate collaborative production processes in various social spheres, and scientific production is not an exception.

Open science produces scientific knowledge in a collaborative way, including experts and non-experts and to share the outcomes of knowledge creation processes. We identify 68 open science initiatives in Argentina using different primary and secondary sources.

This paper describes those experiences in terms of goals, disciplines and openness along research stages. Building on the relationship between characteristics of openness and expected benefits, we discuss policy implications in order to better support openness and collaboration in science.

URL : http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7876

EN

Understanding Perspectives on Sharing Neutron Data at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Posted on by Hans Dillaerts

Authors : Devan Ray Donaldson, Shawn Martin, Thomas Proffen

Even though the importance of sharing data is frequently discussed, data sharing appears to be limited to a few fields, and practices within those fields are not well understood. This study examines perspectives on sharing neutron data collected at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s neutron sources.

Operation at user facilities has traditionally focused on making data accessible to those who create them. The recent emphasis on open data is shifting the focus to ensure that the data produced are reusable by others.

This mixed methods research study included a series of surveys and focus group interviews in which 13 data consumers, data managers, and data producers answered questions about their perspectives on sharing neutron data.

Data consumers reported interest in reusing neutron data for comparison/verification of results against their own measurements and testing new theories using existing data. They also stressed the importance of establishing context for data, including how data are produced, how samples are prepared, units of measurement, and how temperatures are determined.

Data managers expressed reservations about reusing others’ data because they were not always sure if they could trust whether the people responsible for interpreting data did so correctly.

Data producers described concerns about their data being misused, competing with other users, and over-reliance on data producers to understand data. We present the Consumers Managers Producers (CMP) Model for understanding the interplay of each group regarding data sharing.

We conclude with policy and system recommendations and discuss directions for future research.

URL : Understanding Perspectives on Sharing Neutron Data at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

DOI : http://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2017-035